Content License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0)Credit must be given to the creatorDownloadsDA for Observationsy=y(x,t)y:Ωy×Ty→RDyx∈Ωy⊆RDst∈Ty⊆R+\begin{aligned} \boldsymbol{y} &= \boldsymbol{y}(\mathbf{x},t) && &&\boldsymbol{y}: \Omega_y\times\mathcal{T}_y\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{D_y} && && \mathbf{x}\in\Omega_y\subseteq\mathbb{R}^{D_s} && t\in\mathcal{T}_y\subseteq\mathbb{R}^+ \end{aligned}y=y(x,t)y:Ωy×Ty→RDyx∈Ωy⊆RDst∈Ty⊆R+(1)The domain, Ωy\Omega_yΩy, is typically irregular, sparse and noisy.InterpolationDeep Equilibrium Model (DEQ)Dynamical ModelWhirlwind TourState EstimationDA with ObsInterpolation